AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NUMERICAL METHODS IN QUATERNARY POLLEN ANALYSIS 1990-1991 by H. J. B. Birks and Heather A. Austin Botanical Institute, University of Bergen, All‚gaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway 1992 Introduction This bibliography lists all publications on the application of numerical methods, quantitative approaches, and statistical techniques to Quaternary pollen analysis and closely related subjects that have either appeared in the 2-year period 1990-1991 or are not listed in the bibliography of H. J. B. Birks and A. D. Gordon's (1985) Numerical Methods in Quaternary Pollen Analysis ( Academic Press) or in An Annotated Bibliography of Numerical Methods in Quaternary Pollen Analysis 1985-1989 (Botanisk Institutt, Universitetet i Bergen Rapport 49, 76 pp.). These bibliographies, plus this update, provide a representative cross-section of the ever-increasing literature of Quaternary pollen analytical studies that involve quantitative techniques. The bibliography attempts to cover all Quaternary palynological applications of statistical methods and quantitative techniques, as well as new quantitative procedures of direct or potential applicability to Quaternary pollen analysis. Relevant papers from pre-Quaternary stratigraphy and palynology, from palaeolimnology, and from plant- macrofossil studies are also included, but no attempt at completeness has been made for these topics. Besides pollen-stratigraphical and surface- sample studies, we have tried to include references on automated counting, error estimation, pollen morphology, compositional data analysis, aerobiology, and new, relevant statistical developments, particularly those that deal explicitly with data expressed as percentages or data in temporal, ordered sequences. We include 249 entries listed alphabetically by first author. Each reference is numbered (661-910), following on from the numbering in An Annotated Bibliography of Numerical Methods in Quaternary Pollen Analysis 1985-1989. Each publication is indexed in terms of 68 topics that serve as index entries for the bibliography such as correspondence analysis, partial least squares, and rate-of-change analysis. In addition, the various topics that each publication covers are shown in brackets after each reference. We wish to thank the many colleagues who have sent us offprints of their publications and the ever helpful and patient staff of the University of Bergen library who have helped trace many publications not available locally. Publication of this bibliography as a Report from the Botanical Institute, University of Bergen has been possible with financial support from the Olaf Grolle Olsens Legat. A machine-readable copy of the bibliography is available as a Word Perfect 5.1 file on diskette at nominal cost. We would naturally be most grateful for details of errors or omissions. Bergen H. J. B. Birks May 1992 Heather A. Austin Index of Subjects 1 Aerobiology 670, 715, 737, 744, 749, 756, 762, 791, 803, 805, 818, 825, 860, 862. 2 Analogue analysis 728, 767, 768, 778, 781, 795, 822, 854, 896. 3 Bibliographies 768. 4 Bootstraps, jack-knifes, and other resampling procedures 687, 688, 717, 750, 768, 800, 801, 813, 814, 839, 842, 878. 5 Canonical correlation analysis 766, 850, 6 Canonical correspondence analysis 676, 686, 687, 688, 719, 724, 730, 731, 741, 745, 746, 754, 763, 785, 786, 799, 812, 850, 878, 880, 890. 7 Climate reconstructions 685, 694, 711, 734, 766, 767, 768, 777, 781, 782, 783, 794, 795, 815, 817, 822, 838, 843, 845, 854, 855, 856, 858, 868, 873, 886, 888, 889, 890, 903. 8 Cluster analysis 673, 702, 704, 715, 720, 751, 793, 867. 9 Confidence intervals and error estimation 808. 10 Correspondence analysis (including detrended correspondence analysis) 661, 687, 689, 690, 699, 700, 701, 728, 793, 795, 810, 815, 828, 847, 848, 850, 855, 856, 858, 859, 867, 868, 878, 885, 903. 11 Counting and preparation procedures 680, 793, 808, 823, 863. 12 Data bases 853. 13 Difference diagrams 881. 14 Diversity patterns 828, 835, 869. 15 Ecological indicator values 686. 16 Ecological theory 679, 681, 685, 692, 695, 696, 699, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 720, 722, 743, 748, 760, 782, 804, 835, 838, 844, 845, 864, 873, 874, 888, 892. 17 Environmental reconstructions (other than climate) 676, 686, 687, 688, 719, 724, 730, 731, 745, 746, 754, 755, 785, 786, 798, 799, 816, 857, 859, 867, 868, 880, 889, 897. 18 Fuzzy clustering 19 General reviews 662, 665, 685, 695, 697, 718, 727, 728, 743, 747, 770, 772, 775, 777, 793, 814, 822, 850, 853, 864, 884, 888. 20 Identification aids 809, 811, 879, 887. 21 Image analysis 665, 809, 811, 850, 887. 22 Kriging 775. 23 Linear discriminant analysis and quantitative pollen separation 677, 735, 875, 891, 900. 24 Mapping algorithms 25 Markov chains 26 Maximum likelihood discrimination of pollen types 671. 27 Mixture models 776. 28 Modern surface samples 687, 688, 702, 703, 719, 720, 723, 724, 726, 728, 729, 730, 731, 741, 745, 746, 751, 769, 781, 785, 786, 788, 789, 798, 799, 802, 820, 827, 829, 845, 875, 878, 880, 886, 890, 897, 908. 29 Multiple discriminant analysis and canonical variates analysis 738, 739, 740, 793, 797, 809, 819, 820, 827, 851, 885. 30 Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling 31 Non-parametric statistics 32 Numerical zonations and constrained cluster analysis 661, 665, 674, 683, 713, 716, 717, 725, 750, 759, 792, 795, 807, 812, 813, 814, 819, 820, 834, 846, 847, 870, 871, 877, 891, 898, 899, 900, 901. 33 Point-of-change analysis 34 Polar ordination 35 Pollen and vegetation mapping 672, 682, 685, 722, 728, 760, 777, 779, 780, 781, 782, 783, 790, 845, 852, 864. 36 Pollen-dispersal models 670, 678, 726, 729, 737, 744, 749, 756, 762, 788, 789, 805, 818, 822, 860, 882. 37 Pollen input and pollen-diagram programs 698, 757. 38 Pollen morphology 673, 704, 774, 797. 39 Pollen-representation theory 726, 729, 788, 789, 790, 802, 822, 829, 873, 908. 40 Population analysis 679, 682, 696, 707, 710, 732, 752, 822, 824, 874. 41 Principal component analysis, principal co-ordinates analysis, and factor analysis 667, 684, 691, 694, 720, 749, 751, 764, 767, 768, 774, 830, 832, 850, 878, 887, 910. 42 Principal component biplots 667, 790, 850. 43 Principles of stratigraphy 661, 665, 775, 840, 841, 861. 44 Rarefaction analysis 45 Rate-of-change analysis 728, 743, 778, 795, 864. 46 Regression analysis 670, 675, 694, 711, 734, 744, 753, 765, 769, 772, 788, 789, 791, 793, 794, 800, 801, 802, 803, 808, 815, 823, 824, 825, 842, 854, 855, 856, 858, 859, 860, 867, 868, 885, 886, 897, 902. 47 Representation values and representation problems 703, 728, 802, 829, 865, 866, 882, 908. 48 Response surfaces 672, 755, 779, 822, 838, 845. 49 Sequence slotting and core correlation 661, 663, 664, 665, 689, 693, 697, 714, 718, 721, 736, 758, 759, 761, 775, 784, 796, 872, 877, 883, 909. 50 Sequence splitting and time-series analysis 665, 732, 753, 766, 766, 768, 831, 839. 51 Seriation 697. 52 Shape analysis 715, 850. 53 Simulation models 679, 692, 705, 707, 710, 722, 760, 781, 804, 837, 838, 844, 845, 852, 861, 883, 886. 54 Spatial analysis 693, 764, 765, 771, 773, 775, 793, 812, 814, 826, 836, 885. 55 Spatial and temporal scales 685, 695, 727, 728, 748, 845, 864. 56 Species abundance patterns 808. 57 Splines 58 Statistics of compositional data 666, 667, 668, 669, 712, 776, 821, 849, 850, 876, 893, 894, 895, 904, 905, 906, 907, 910. 59 Ternary plots 830. 60 Trend-surface analysis 61 Two-way indicator-species analysis 684, 701, 779, 789, 793, 806, 833. 62 Weighted averaging regression and calibration 686, 687, 688, 719, 724, 730, 731, 745, 746, 785, 786, 798, 799, 816, 878, 880, 889, 890. 63 Statistical distributions 705, 862, 895. 64 Partial least squares 691. 65 Statistics of ratios 678, 772, 787. 66 Redundancy analysis 684, 733. 67 Projection pursuit 712. 68 Fractals 665, 742, 840, 841. 661 Agterberg, F. P. (1990) Automated stratigraphic correlation. Elsevier, Amsterdam. (10, 32, 43, 49) 662 Agterberg, F. P. & Bonham-Carter, G. F. (Eds.) (1990) Statistical applications in the earth sciences. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 89-9, 588 pp. (19) 663 Agterberg, F. P. & Byron, D. N. (1990) FORTRAN 77 microcomputer programs for ranking, scaling and regional correlation of stratigraphic events. In Statistical applications in the earth sciences (Eds. F. P. Agterberg & G. F. Bonham-Carter). Geological Survey of Canada Paper 89-9, 527-535. (49) 664 Agterberg, F. P., Gradstein, F. M. & Nazli, K. (1990) Correlation of Jurassic microfossil abundance data from the Tojeira sections, Portugal. In Statistical applications in the earth sciences (Eds. F. P. Agterberg & G. F. Bonham-Carter). Geological Survey of Canada Paper 89-9, 467-482. (49) 665 Agterberg, F. P. & Griffiths, C. M. (1991) Computer applications in stratigraphy 1989/1990: A review. Computers & Geosciences 17, 1105-1118. (19, 21, 32, 43, 49, 50, 68) 666 Aitchison, J. (1990) Comment on "Measures of variability for geological data". Journal of Mathematical Geology 22, 223-226. (58) 667 Aitchison, J. (1990) Relative variation diagrams for describing patterns of compositional variability. Journal of Mathematical Geology 22, 487- 511. (41, 42, 58) 668 Aitchison, J. (1991)Delusions of uniqueness and ineluctability. Journal of Mathematical Geology 23, 275-277. (58) 669 Aitchison, J. (1991) A plea for precision in Mathematical Geology. Journal of Mathematical Geology 23, 1081-1083. (58) 670 Andersen, T. B. (1991) A model to predict the beginning of the pollen season. Grana 30, 269-275. (1, 36, 46) 671 Anderson, P. M., Reanier, R. E. & Brubaker, L. B. (1990) A 14,000-year pollen record from Sithylemenkat lake, north-central Alaska. Quaternary Research 33, 400-404. (26) 672 Anderson, P. M., Bartlein, P. J., Brubaker, L. B., Gajewski, K. & Ritchie, J. C. (1991) Vegetation-pollen-climate relationships for the arcto- boreal region of North America and Greenland. Journal of Biogeography 18, 565-582. (35, 48) 673 Ayyad, S., Krzywinski, K. & Pierce, R. (1991) Mudbrick as a bearer of agricultural information: An archaeopalynological study. Norwegian Archaeological Review 24, 77-91. (8, 38) 674 Balaga, K. (1990) The development of Lake žukcze and changes in the plant cover of the south-western part of the žeczna-Wžodawa Lake district in the last 13 000 years. Acta Palaeobotanica 30, 77-146. (32) 675 Bates, B. C. & Sumner, N. R. (1991) RECRES: A FORTRAN-77 program for detecting model misspecification in multiple linear regression. Computers & Geosciences 17, 91-114. (46) 676 Battarbee, R. W. (1991) Recent paleolimnology and diatom-based environmental reconstruction. In Quaternary Landscapes (Eds. L. C. K. Shane & E. J. Cushing), pp. 129-174. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. (6, 17) 677 Beaudion, A. B. & King, R. H. (1986) Using discriminant function analysis to identify Holocene tephras based on magnetite composition: a case study from the Sunwapta Pass area, Jasper National Park. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 23, 804-812. (23) 678 Beaudoin, A. B. (1986) Using Picea/Pinus ratios from the Wilcox Pass core, Jasper National Park, Alberta, to investigate Holocene timberline fluctuations. G‚ographie physique et Quaternaire 40, 145-152. (36, 65) 679 Bennett, K. D. (1990) Models of plant population growth and analogies with reaction kinetics. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 64, 247- 251. (16, 40, 53) 680 Bennett, K. D. (1990) Pollen counting on a pocket computer. New Phytologist 114, 275-280. (11) 681 Bennett, K. D. (1990) Milankovitch cycles and their effects on species in ecological and evolutionary time. Paleobiology 16, 11-21. (16) 682 Bennett, K. D. & Birks, H. J. B. (1990) Postglacial history of alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) in the British Isles. Journal of Quaternary Science 5, 123-133. (35, 40) 683 Bennett, K. D., Fossitt, J. A., Sharp, M. J. & Switsur, V. R. (1990) Holocene vegetational and environmental history at Loch Lang, South Uist, Western Isles, Scotland. New Phytologist 114, 281-298. (32) 684 Birks, H. H. (1991) Holocene vegetational history and climatic change in west Spitsbergen - plant macrofossils from Skardtjžrna, an Arctic lake. The Holocene 1, 209-218. (41, 61, 66) 685 Birks, H. J. B. (1990) Changes in vegetation and climate during the Holocene of Europe. In Landscape-ecological impact of climatic change (Eds. M. M. Boer & R. S. De Groot) pp. 133-158. IOS Press, Amsterdam. (7, 16, 19, 35, 55) 686 Birks, H. J. B. (1990) Indicator values of pollen types from post-6000 B.P. pollen assemblages from southern England and southern Sweden. Quaternary Studies in Poland 10, 21-31. (6, 15, 17, 62) 687 Birks, H. J. B., Line, J. M., Juggins, S., Stevenson, A. C. & ter Braak, C. J. F. (1990) Diatoms and pH reconstruction. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London B327, 263-278. (4, 6, 10, 17, 28, 62) 688 Birks, H. J. B., Juggins, S. & Line, J. M. (1990) Lake surface-water chemistry reconstructions from palaeolimnological data. In The Surface Waters Acidification Programme (Ed. B. J. Mason), pp. 301-313. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (4, 6, 17, 28, 62) 689 Bj”rck, S. (1990) Late Wisconsin history north of the Giants Range, northern Minnesota, inferred from complex stratigraphy. Quaternary Research 33, 18-36. (10, 49) 690 Bj”rck, S., Malmer, N., Hjort, C., Sandgren, P., Ing¢lfsson, O., Wall‚n, B., Smith, R. I. L. & J¢nsson, B. L. (1991) Stratigraphic and paleoclimatic studies of a 5500-year-old moss bank on Elephant Island, Antarctica. Arctic and Alpine Research 23, 361-374. (10) 691 Bohlin, E., H„m„l„inen, M. & Sund‚n, T. (1989) Botanical and chemical characterization of peat using multivariate methods. Soil Science 147, 252-263. (41, 64) 692 Bonan, G. B. & Hayden, B. P. (1990) Using a forest stand simulation model to examine the ecological and climatic significance of the Late- Quaternary pine-spruce pollen zone in eastern Virginia, U.S.A. Quaternary Research 33, 204-218. (16, 53) 693 Bonham-Carter, G. F. & Agterberg, F. P. (1990) Application of a microcomputer-based geographical information system to mineral- potential mapping. In Microcomputer applications in geology II (Eds. J. T. Hanley & D. F. Merriam). Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 49-74. (49, 54) 694 Bonnefille, R., Roeland, J. C. & Guiot, J. (1991) Temperature and rainfall estimates for the past 40,000 years in equatorial Africa. Nature 346, 347-349. (7, 41, 46) 695 Boyd, W. E. (1990) Towards a conceptual framework for environmental archaeology: environmental archaeology as a key to past geographies. Circaea 7, 63-79. (16, 19, 55) 696 Bradshaw, R. H. W. & Zackrisson, O. (1990) A two thousand year history of a northern Swedish boreal forest stand. Journal of Vegetation Science 1, 519-528. (16, 40) 697 Brower, J. C. (1990) A case study for comparison of some biostratigraphic techniques using Paleogene alveolinids from Slovenia and Istria. In Statistical applications in the earth sciences (Eds. F. P. Agterberg & G. F. Bonham-Carter). Geological Survey of Canada Paper 89-9, 407-416. (19, 49, 51) 698 Buchet, N., Smadja, R. & Bonnefille, R. (1991) Saisie et exploitation de donnees palynologiques sur micro-ordinateurs IBM ou compatibles. Palynosciences 1, 159-166. (37) 699 Bush, M. B. (1991) Modern pollen-rain data from South and Central America: a test of the feasibility of fine-resolution lowland tropical palynology. The Holocene 1, 162-167. (10, 16) 700 Bush, M. B. & Colinvaux, P. A. (1990) A pollen record of a complete glacial cycle from lowland Panama. Journal of Vegetation Science 1, 105-118. (10) 701 Bush, M. B., Colinvaux, P. A., Wiemann, M. C., Piperno, D. R. & Liu, K-B. (1990) Late Pleistocene temperature depression and vegetation change in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Quaternary Reasearch 34, 330-345. (10, 61) 702 Caiming, S., Linyu, T. & Shaoxian, S. (1990) A study of late Quaternary palynological data from the Nansha sea area in the south China sea. In Quaternary Biological groups of the Nansha Islands and the neighbouring waters (Ed. The multidisciplinary oceanographic expedition team of Academic Sinica to the Nansha Islands), 239-265. Zhongshan University Publishing House. (8, 28) 703 Caramiello, R., Siniscalco & Piervittori, R. (1991) The relationship between vegetation and pollen deposition in soil and in biological traps. Grana 30, 291-300. (28, 47) 704 Chmielewski, J. G., Chinnappa, C. C. & Warner, B. G. (1990) Pollen morphology of North American species of Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae). Canadian Journal of Botany 68, 1233-1238. (8, 38) 705 Clark, J. S. (1990) Fire and climate change during the last 750 yr in northwestern Minnesota. Ecological Monographs 60, 135-159. (16, 53, 63) 706 Clark, J. S. (1990) Integration of ecological levels: individual plant growth, population mortality and ecosystem process. Journal of Ecology 78, 275-299. (16) 707 Clark, J. S. (1990) Twentieth-century climate change, fire suppression, and forest production and decomposition in northwestern Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 20, 219-232. (16, 40, 53) 708 Clark, J. S. (1991) Disturbance and tree life history on the shifting mosaic landscape. Ecology 72, 1102-1118. (16) 709 Clark, J. S. (1991) Disturbance and population structure on the shifting mosaic landscape. Ecology 72, 1119-1137. (16) 710 Clark, J. S. (1991) Ecosystem sensitivity to climate change and complex responses. In Global Climate Change and Life on Earth (Ed. R. L. Wyman), 65-98. Routledge and Chapman & Hall, New York and London. (16, 40, 53) 711 Clark, P. U., Short, S. K. & Williams, K. M. & Andrews, J. T. (1989) Late Quaternary chronology and environments of Square Lake, Torngat Mountains, Labrador. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, 2130-2144. (7, 46) 712 Clements, A. - M. & Jones, M. C. (1991) An ecological example of the application of projection pursuit to compositional data. Vegetatio 95, 101-107. (58, 67) 713 Clet, M., Occhietti, S. & Richard, P. J. H. (1990) Palynologie et lithostratigraphie du Pl‚istocŠne du site de Donnacona, vall‚e du Saint-Laurent, Qu‚bec. G‚ographie physique et Quaternaire 45, 125-140. (32) 714 Collins, D. R. & Doveton, J. H. (1989) Applying color information theory to the display of lithologic images from wireline logs. Geobyte 4, 16-24. (49) 715 Comtois, P. & Sherknies, D. (1991) Pollen curves typology. Grana 30, 184- 189. (1, 8, 52) 716 Cornelius, J. M., Kemp, P. R., Ludwig, J. A. & Cunningham, G. L. (1991) The distribution of vascular plant species and guilds in space and time along a desert gradient. Journal of Vegetation Science 2, 59-72. (32) 717 Cornelius, J. M. & Reynolds, J. F. (1991) On determining the statistical significance of discontinuities within ordered ecological data. Ecology 72, 2057-2070. (4, 32) 718 Cross, T. A. (Ed.) (1990) Quantitative dynamic stratigraphy: Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. (19, 49) 719 Cumming, B. F., Smol, J. P. & Birks, H. J. B. (1991) The relationship between sedimentary chrysophyte scales (Chyrysophyceae and Synurophyceae) and limnological characteristics in 25 Norwegian lakes. Nordic Journal of Botany 11, 231-242. (6, 17, 28, 62) 720 D'Antoni, H. L. & Sch„bitz, F. (1990) Pollen analysis for the generation of environmental hypotheses. Grana 29, 295-300. (8, 16, 28, 41) 721 Davis, J. C. & Olea, R. A. (1990) Artificial intelligence for the correlation of well logs. In Statistical applications in the earth sciences (Eds. F. P. Agterberg & G. F. Bonham-Carter). Geological Survey of Canada Paper 89-9, 389-349. (49) 722 Davis, M. B. (1990) Climatic change and the survival of forest species. In The Earth in Transition:Patterns and processes of biotic impoverishment (Ed. G. M. Woodwell), pp. 99-110. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (16, 35, 53) 723 Davis, M. B., Schwartz, M. W. & Woods, K. (1991) Detecting a species limit from pollen in sediments. Journal of Biogeography 18, 653-668. (28) 724 Davis, R. B., Anderson, D. S., Whiting, M. C., Smol, J. P. & Dixit, S. S. (1990) Alkalinity and pH of three lakes in northern New England, U.S.A., over the past 300 years. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B327, 413-421. (6, 17, 28, 62) 725 Day, S. P. (1991) Post-glacial vegetational history of the Oxford region. New Phytologist 119, 445-470. (32) 726 Delcourt, H. R. & Pittillo, J. D. (1986) Comparison of contemporary vegetation and pollen assemblages. Grana 25, 131-141. (28, 36, 39) 727 Delcourt, H. R. & Delcourt, P. A. (1988) Quaternary landscape ecology: relevant scales in space and time. Landscape Ecology 2, 23-44. (19, 55) 728 Delcourt, H. R. & Delcourt, P. A. (1991) Quaternary Ecology: A paleoecological perspective. Chapman & Hall, London. (2, 10, 19, 28, 35, 45, 47, 55) 729 Di-Giovanni, F., Beckett, P. M. & Flenley, J. R. (1988) Modelling of dispersion and deposition of tree pollen within a forest canopy. Grana 28, 129-139. (28, 36, 39) 730 Dixit, S. S., Dixit, A. S. & Smol, J. P. (1989) Relationship between chrysophyte assemblages and environmental variables in seventy-two Sudbury lakes as examined by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, 1667-1676. (6, 17, 28, 62) 731 Dixit, S. S., Smol, J. P., Anderson, D. S. & Davis, R. B. (1990) Utility of scaled chrysophytes for inferring lakewater pH in northern New England lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology 3, 269-286. (6, 17, 28, 62) 732 Dodson, J. R. (1990) Fine resolution pollen analysis of vegetation history in the Lough Adoon Valley, Co. Kerry, western Ireland. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 64, 235-245. (40, 50) 733 Duff, K. E. & Smol, J. P. (1991) Morphological descriptions and stratigraphic distributions of the chrysophyceae stomatocysts from a recently acidified lake (Adirondack Park, N.Y.). Journal of Paleolimnology 5, 73-113. (66) 734 Edwards, L. E., Mudie, P. J. & de Vernal, A. (1991) Pliocene paleoclimatic reconstruction using dinoflagellate cysts: comparison of methods. Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 259-274. (7, 46) 735 Edwards, M. E., Dawe, J. C. & Armbruster, W. S. (1991) Pollen size of Betula in northern Alaska and the interpretation of late Quaternary vegetation records. Canadian Journal of Botany 69, 1666-1672. (23) 736 Einstein, E. & Edwards, K. W. (1990) Comparison of an expert system to human experts in well-log analysis and interpretation. Soc. Pet. Engin. Formation Evaluation 5, 39-45. (49) 737 Emberlin, J. & Norris-Hill, J. (1991) Spatial variation of pollen deposition in North London. Grana 30, 190-195. (1, 36) 738 Farley, M. B. 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